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Ancient Languages Encyclopedia
AI-powered interpretation of dead languages — Egyptian hieroglyphs, cuneiform, Latin, Ancient Greek, Sumerian, Maya… — grounded in sourced scholarly dossiers (script, phonology, grammar, decipherment history, corpora, references). Translation, transliteration, gloss and a confidence level. And one absolute rule: what has never been deciphered is not “translated” — we document the research instead of inventing.
- 29 languages & scripts
- Sourced dossiers, verified
- Vision: read inscriptions from a photo
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Deciphered languages 22
Translated and interpreted by AI, grounded in sourced scholarly dossiers.
Akkadian
Cuneiform · Semitic
Akkadian is the oldest Semitic language attested in writing and the principal language of ancient Mesopotamia for nearly two millennia. A member of th…
DecipheredAramaic
Aramaic alphabet · Semitic
Aramaic is a Semitic language of the Northwest group (a close relative of Hebrew, Phoenician, and Ugaritic), attested without interruption from the be…
DecipheredAvestan
Avestan alphabet · Indo-European (Iranian)
Avestan is an ancient Iranian language (the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian / Indo-European family), known exclusively through the Avesta, the litu…
DecipheredClassical Chinese
Chinese characters · Sino-Tibetan
Classical Chinese (wenyan 文言, or "literary Chinese") designates the literary written language developed on the basis of the spoken Chinese of the late…
DecipheredCoptic
Coptic alphabet · Afro-Asiatic (Late Egyptian)
Coptic is the final phase of the Egyptian language (Afro-Asiatic family, Egyptian branch), written by means of an alphabet derived from Greek and augm…
DecipheredEgyptian hieroglyphs (Middle Egyptian)
Hieroglyphs · Afro-Asiatic
Middle Egyptian (or Classical Egyptian) is the phase of the ancient Egyptian language spoken and, above all, written between roughly 2000 and 1350 BC…
DecipheredGothic
Gothic alphabet · Indo-European (Germanic)
Gothic is the only substantially attested East Germanic language and the earliest voluminous witness of the Germanic languages (4th–6th c. AD). It has…
DecipheredAncient Greek
Greek alphabet · Indo-European (Hellenic)
Ancient Greek is an Indo-European language that by itself constitutes the Hellenic branch, attested continuously from Mycenaean (14th-13th c. BCE, in…
DecipheredGe'ez
Ethiopic abugida · Semitic
Ge'ez (autonym ግዕዝ Gəʿəz, also called "Classical Ethiopic" or "Ethiopic") is a Semitic language of the Ethio-Semitic branch (South Semitic in the broa…
DecipheredBiblical Hebrew
Hebrew alphabet · Semitic
Biblical Hebrew (or Classical Hebrew) is the Northwest Semitic language (Canaanite branch) in which nearly all of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh / Old Testa…
DecipheredLatin
Latin alphabet · Indo-European (Italic)
Latin is an Indo-European language of the Italic branch, originally spoken in Latium (the region of Rome, in central Italy). Carried by the expansion…
DecipheredLinear B (Mycenaean Greek)
Linear B syllabary · Indo-European (Hellenic)
Linear B is a syllabic writing system of the Aegean Bronze Age (ca. 1450–1200 BC) used to record Mycenaean Greek, the earliest known form of the Greek…
DecipheredMaya glyphs
Maya logosyllabary · Mayan
Maya hieroglyphic writing is the writing system of the Maya civilizations of Mesoamerica (the lowlands of Guatemala, Belize, southern Mexico, and west…
DecipheredUgaritic
Alphabetic cuneiform · Semitic
Ugaritic is a Northwest Semitic language spoken and written in the kingdom of Ugarit, a city-state on the Syrian coast (the tell of Ras Shamra, near L…
DecipheredPali
Transliteration / Brahmi · Indo-European (Indo-Aryan)
Pali (pāḷi, lit. "line, row, [canonical] text") is a Middle Indo-Aryan language (a Prakrit) of the Indo-European family, Indo-Iranian branch, Indo-Ary…
DecipheredPhoenician
Phoenician alphabet · Semitic
Phoenician is a Northwest Semitic language of the Canaanite group (closely related to Hebrew and Moabite), spoken by the city-states of the Levantine…
DecipheredSanskrit
Devanagari / translittération IAST · Indo-European (Indo-Aryan)
Sanskrit (Sanskrit samskrta, "perfected, elaborated, refined") is the principal sacred, literary, and scholarly language of the Indian subcontinent, a…
DecipheredSumerian
Cuneiform · Isolate
Sumerian is the earliest attested written language (late 4th millennium BC), spoken in southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). It is a linguistic iso…
DecipheredClassical Syriac
Syriac (Estrangela) · Semitic
Classical Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic (the northwest branch of the Semitic languages), originating in the city of Edessa (Urhay, present-day Sanliu…
DecipheredOld English
Latin alphabet / runes · Indo-European (Germanic)
Old English (also Anglo-Saxon; endonym *Englisc*) is the earliest form of the English language, attested in writing from roughly 650 to 1150 AD. It is…
DecipheredOld Norse
Latin alphabet / runes (Futhark) · Indo-European (Germanic)
Old Norse (Old Norse norrœnt mál / dǫnsk tunga) is the North Germanic (Scandinavian) language spoken in Scandinavia and in the Scandinavian colonies o…
DecipheredOld Church Slavonic
Glagolitic / early Cyrillic · Indo-European (Slavic)
Old Church Slavonic (OCS; in German Altkirchenslavisch, often also Altbulgarisch; in Russian старославянский язык) is the oldest attested Slavic liter…
Partially deciphered languages 2
The script can be read, but the language is only partly understood: only what is established gets translated.
Etruscan
Etruscan alphabet · Tyrsenian (isolate)
Etruscan is the language of the Etruscan people (Rasenna/Rasna, Gk. Tyrrhênoi, Lat. Etrusci/Tusci), attested in central Italy (Etruria: Tuscany, weste…
Partially decipheredIberian
Iberian script · Unclassified
Iberian (endonym unknown) is the best-attested Palaeohispanic language, spoken along the Mediterranean seaboard of the Iberian Peninsula, from souther…
Undeciphered scripts 5
No one in the world can translate them. We document the state of research — without inventing.
Cypro-Minoan
Cypro-Minoan · Unknown
Cypro-Minoan (abbreviated CM) is an undeciphered syllabic writing system used on Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age (approximately 1550-1050 BC). Its n…
UndecipheredIndus script
Indus signs · Unknown
The Indus script (also called Harappan) is the graphic system of the Indus civilization, one of the three great urban civilizations of the Early Bronz…
UndecipheredLinear A (Minoan)
Linear A · Unknown
Linear A is the principal writing system of the Minoan civilization of Bronze Age Crete, in use from roughly 1800 to 1450 BCE (Middle to Late Minoan).…
UndecipheredProto-Elamite
Proto-Elamite · Unknown
Proto-Elamite (also "Proto-Élamite," Fr. proto-élamite) is the oldest attested writing system of the Iranian plateau, in use from roughly 3100 to 2900…
UndecipheredRongorongo
Rongorongo · Unknown
Rongorongo is a system of signs carved on wood, discovered on Rapa Nui (Easter Island, southeastern South Pacific, a Chilean territory since 1888). It…
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